پژوهشنامه اقتصادی
پیاپی 83 (زمستان 1400)

Married men are one of the main groups of labor market employed and therefore the study of their labor market behavior is one of the priorities of labor market policy. The present study attempts to identify the variables affecting the market working hours of married men with employed spouses, based on the literature of collective model (CM) of household labor supply. The research information is based on micro and cross-sectional data of Iran in 2018 and the statistical sample includes 724 married men living in urban and rural areas. Model was estimated using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and related tests. The results show that in the studied sample, the labor supply function of married men is standard (The substitution effect is larger than the income effect), but due to the negative sign of hourly squared wage, the positive relation of wage-hour is decreasing. Also, married men with higher levels of education than their wives spend more time leisure-living time.  In summary, working hours of married men with employed spouses in studied cases, decrease with age increasing. While living in urban areas, higher education and more children, increase married men working hours.

The study of the effect of education on total factor productivity has been one of the important topics in the macroeconomic literature and educational policy that has been considered by many economists in recent years. However, recognizing the threshold of the effect of education on total factor productivity is a more important issue for educational policy makers. Therefore, the present study investigates the nonlinear relationship between education and total factor productivity during the period 1365-1397 SH[1](1986-2018). Average years of study have been used as an indicator of education. For this purpose, to determine the threshold of the impact of training on total factor productivity, the gentle transfer regression (STR) model has been used. The results of implementing the STR model while confirming the hypothesis of nonlinear effect of human capital of education type on total factor productivity showed that the quantity of education index in a two-diet structure with a threshold of 81.86 (equivalent to the average years of study 7.82 years) has a significant effect on total factor productivity. Given that the Iranian economy has exceeded the threshold since 1390 SH(2011) and increasing the quantity of education has a negative impact on productivity, so reviewing the quantitative development of education and giving priority to improving the quality of education has more priority than past.

We use budget expenditure approach to evaluate tax evasion of Self-employments in Iran. As Self-employment guilds covers various jobs, we choose dentists a sample. Facing limited data access, we use household budget expenditure in2016. Although it is impossible to explain tax evasion and potential of one expert, we use household budget expenditure approach for the first time to evaluate tax evasion in Iran. At first, income of dentists’ society has been calculated; then using the rule of tax law, we evaluate the income tax they should pay. Finally, we compare real income tax paid with calculated income tax to extract the tax evasion. As there is not a unique data for the number of dentists in Iran, and two national responsible institutions have two different data, we define two scenarios. The numbers of dentists are considered 20405 and 26301 persons in the first and the second scenarios, respectively. We found that in both scenarios, similar to other countries in the world, such as the united states, England, Italy, Russia, and Greek, self-employed individuals have high level of tax evasion and it is necessary to boost the efficiency of Iranian tax system in through the rise of government expenditure transparency and also decline of tax evasion.

The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting economic growth gap between OPEC and East Asia countries. For this, by using the Shapley–Owen–Shorrocks and Oaxaca–Blinder variance decomposition methods the causes of the economic growth gap between OPEC and East Asia countries were analyzed over the period 1996-2018.The results of the Shapley–Owen–Shorrocks decomposition revealed that in East Asia countries, institutional and policy variables(government consumption, inflation, rule of law, trade) and human capital explain 53.31 and 31.38 percent of economic growth fluctuations, respectively. In contrast, in OPEC countries institutional and policy variables and physical capital(investment, Fertility rate) explain 66.72 and 17.75 percent of economic growth fluctuations, respectively. According to the results of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, about 43 percent of the economic growth gap between East Asia and OPEC countries is due to explained components(mainly rule of law, investment, human capital) and 57 percent due to unexplained components(mainly the return of Investment, human capital, inflation, rule of law). Accordingly, efficient use of factors in relation to their endowments has a more important role in explaining the economic growth gap of countries. A noteworthy point in this regard is the important role of institutional and policy variables. Since not only institutional and policy variables but also other variables such as human capital, fertility rate and investment are greatly influenced by governance, in order to promote economic growth in OPEC countries, including Iran, it is recommended that factors affecting good governance be seriously considered by policymakers.

Income inequality has received much attention by economists and policymakers as one of the components of economic development. On the other hand, the difference between developed and developing economies can be explored in the efficiency of their financial systems.Therefore, this study investigates the effect of financial development on income inequality in Iran during 2020-1967 using the threshold regression method. The results of the study show that the effect of financial development of the banking sector and stock market on income inequality has threshold limit. Explaining that in Model One, the financial development of the banking sector before and after the threshold has a significant and negative effect on inequality. In model two, stock market financial development has no significant and negative effect on income inequality before reaching the threshold and no significant effect after the threshold. However, there is insufficient evidence to support the effect of financial development on income inequality in the form of Greenwood and Jovanovic inverse U hypothesis.

The purpose of this research is experimental asses Schumpeter's view that directing credit towards entrepreneurial activities is necessary for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. Credit guidance refers to allocate the ratio of bank credit to non-financial economic activities. For the entrepreneurial measuring, two common indicators are used: "The New Business Entry Density" (ED) of the World Bank (WB) and "Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity" (TEA) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). To analysis the effect of guiding the credit on entrepreneurship, the panel data model has been used. According to the first index of entrepreneurship, the estimated model covers 66 world economies during the period 2006 to 2016, and the second index has included 54 world economies were built during the period 2001 to 2016. The results are different. When Entrepreneurship based on "The New Business Entry Density" is analyzed, the result of estimation doesn't support literature, even it can have a negative effect. But when based on "Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity" index is analysis, the impact of credit guidance is not rejected as expected by the significant effect of guiding on the entrepreneurship for middle-income economies. Also, the sensitivity of the results for the effective indicators of entrepreneurship shows that the more suitable proxies are needed to assess Schumpeter's theory.